Raw milk is preferred by a growing number of people across the world for a variety of reasons related to nutrition, food security, variety in selection, and fairness in production of the dairy we consume. It is emblematic of the greater struggle to establish our right to produce, trade, and consume food independently – outside the controls and bottlenecks of the commodities market. Raw milk is a nutritious food, safer than ever, has many uses beyond drinking, and our regulatory environment should make way and support our choice to access it freely.
This is a brief rundown from this website’s producer and web app developer on the many factors that contribute to our collective interest in direct-to-consumer access to raw milk.
Fairness in food production
As our state, national, and global food systems are increasingly consolidated by large-scale private industry, many consumers would like to maintain access to small-scale local producers.
Raw milk for human consumption is produced, filtered, cooled, and bottled on the farm. Producers then sell the milk themselves. The milker/ owner might drive it to the store, or their employee might drive it to a pickup spot – they introduce their product to the market directly.
Milk for pasteurization can only be sold to milk processors, who then sell the milk under their label. Because the farmer who produces raw milk for pasteurization can only sell to the milk processor, with only a few exceptions in states who allow on-farm pasteurization, processors are able to skim off the already low price set by Federal Milk Marketing Orders. Some processors are worse than others.
Processors can also reject the producer’s milk, due to operational constraints or other reasons, forcing the farmer to dump good milk down the drain as they cannot legally sell it elsewhere. Depending on the commodities market is putting farmers out of business, and driving some into raw milk production (an upgrade).
Choosing raw milk allows our farmers to maintain ownership of their production from start-to-finish.
When a raw milk farmer needs an extra buck per gallon, they are free to set the price. This makes the independent raw milk operation more resilient, and ready to perform in a rapidly changing environment, than the conventional dairy farms who are bottlenecked by milk processing corporations.
Food security
Conventional dairy production is a fragmentation of local monopolies. If the food processor shuts down, the output of many dairies in the region are halted. Those farms must continue producing milk, just to pour it down the drain and hope the processor starts buying their milk again soon.
Raw milk production is distributed. Caretaking of animals, milking, cooling, filtering, bottling, and storage are all conducted on the farm. Raw milk products are then delivered to points of distribution by the farm. If one farm shuts down, only one farm shuts down.
During covid, it was big news that food processors were shutting down or constraining their operations. Organic pasteurized milk was off the shelves at my grocery store for two weeks in one stretch. Raw milk farmers in my area didn’t miss a delivery, and they grew because of that. This project, which began in 2018, started to grow because consumers were finding raw milk as the only organic-esque option available to them in that time.
Safer than ever
Switching from pasteurized milk to raw milk represents a move from near-zero risk to very-low risk.
We are no longer in the era of Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle, or the Swill Milk Scandal. There are exceptions in the large scale ag industry, but that’s another topic. Unpasteurized milk sales were made illegal in a wave of insanely high illness from milk produced in the early industrial era. Not only did that wave end a long time ago, we now have technology to help produce clean raw milk.
Similar to eating out, raw milk illnesses are usually caused by mishandling. Raw milk can be produced cleanly by ensuring each step of the production process is clean. Cows can be tested. Equipment surfaces and crevices can be tested. Bulk tanks and bottles can be tested. Unlike the 1800s, we have ways of catching pathogens before they hit the shelves. Watch as a raw milk farmer tests their milk on-site.
In recent legislative hearings, numbers were brought by opponents to the legalization to raw milk. Commissioner Mike Strain of Louisiana stated (pubmed) that 3.2% of the US population consumes raw milk – greater than 10 million people. He went on to state that 761 get sick per year, with 22 cases requiring hospitalization (for any period of time), and fewer than one deaths per year.
That’s a 1 in 14,250 (or 0.007%) risk of getting something as mild as a stomach ache, and a 1 in 500,000 (or 0.0002%) risk of greater severity. Compare this number with the 0.69% of leafy green eaters who fall ill from leafy greens each year. Plant-based imitation milks contributed to the deaths of two people in August 2024, reminding us that the illnesses attributed to raw milk are not uniquely dangerous – as these same pathogens can be delivered by foods other than raw milk.
Pasteurized milk carries fewer pathogens than raw milk, but raw milk is safer than leafy greens. This is what the data tells us. If you are not suspicious of leafy greens, but you are suspicious of raw milk, there is a disparity between reality and your perception of reality.
If you must have zero risk, consider pasteurization.
The disagreement is not whether or not a risk exists, but whether or not the real occurrence of foodbourne illness related to raw milk qualifies as too risky and deserving of exclusion. Growth in the market of raw milk demonstrates that many people do not find a sense of urgency in these numbers.
None of this is reason to become apathetic in terms of food safety, nor to deny or minimize the discovery that fresh fluid milk is a hospitable environment for unanticipated bacteria to cultivate.
Nutrition unaltered
More than microbes are destroyed when milk is pasteurized. The official test for ensuring that milk has been sufficiently pasteurized is the alkaline-phosphatase test, which verifies that the enzyme phosphatase has been destroyed. View the full list of enzymes present in raw milk.
FDA’s position is that this damage is insignificant, or that the loss of nutrition is not significant enough to take priority over maximizing food safety towards pathogens. Many raw milk consumers are deciding that this gain in nutrition takes priority for them.
For example, raw milk can lose up to 20% of its Vitamin C value through pasteurization. There isn’t much Vitamin C to begin with, about 5-7 micrograms, so this value is minimal to begin with. Same with lactase, which does not occur in raw milk at the start but is produced by naturally occurring lactobacillus microbes which are destroyed by pasteurization, the amount is very small – but many raw milk consumers want the absolute minimum reduction in nutrition.
Interestingly, rare nutritional components like lactoferrin are completely wiped out. We know this because labs extract lactoferrin from milk to produce anti-bacterial products, and to do so they need that milk to be raw. While raw milk consumers aren’t receiving effective medicinal doses of lactoferrin in a glass of milk, effective microdosing of these substances might lend some contribution to our gut health over time.
Raw milk is also without additives. Vitamin D, added as a supplement to conventional milk in 1933 to help stave off rickets in susceptible populations, may present a conflict in someone’s nutrition plan where they are already deriving enough Vitamin D from supplements, food, or sunlight. Unfortified raw milk allows for more granular control of personal supplementation.
Milk or dairy intolerance
All ancestors of milk-tolerant individuals started off intolerant to milk. They simply tolerated it, and now we can enjoy dairy products. Some are choosing to embark on this journey today.
Many raw milk consumers report adverse effects on their body when consuming pasteurized milk, and that consuming raw milk does not instigate this effect. The research said to debunk their experience is wanting, as its sample size consisted of only 16 people and focused specifically on markers for lactose intolerance (as opposed to casein intolerance).
We know now that there are many different kinds of negative reactions that people have when ingesting dairy foods, from mucus production to stomach pains which many report do not occur when they consume raw milk. Historically, adverse reactions to milk were avoided by switching to goat milk, A2 milk, and non-homogenized whole milk. Raw milk often contains one or more of these characteristics.
Fermentation has also been used to prevent adverse effects of dairy consumption within individuals, cheese and kefir being common solutions.
We don’t know the exact mechanism to attribute when someone reports that raw milk cured their milk intolerance. There could be different mechanisms at play for different people. I’m in the camp that assumes enzymes and probiotics are immediately deconstructed on contact with stomach acid. However, those components might act on the macronutrients in the milk in a way that render them easier to digest and assimilate.
Taste and terroir
Conventional milk is purchased from many farmers, batched together, and then sold under their own label. This blending of many sources removes the distinct character that each individual source of milk originally had.
Goût de terroir (goo de te-wahr) is wine terminology for taste of the soil. Different regions, by the soil in those regions, can produce distinct notes that are unique and sought after if that terroir is captured in the food or drink.
Raw milk usually comes from singular herds. Guernsey cows and Jersey cows produce slightly different milk profiles. Some farms feed more or less grain, sometimes as a treat, sometimes to make it through the winter, and different grains can be selected.
The ability to choose your farmer, thereby the herd and practices, allows for a greater variety of taste.
Utility in the rawest state
Raw milk is required to produce an array of distinct cheese varieties. There are many cheeses across the world which are not available for export, but are possible to create if you have raw milk.
Cosmetic products like soap can also be made with raw milk.
You can also pasteurize your own raw milk. Many people who buy raw milk use it in cooking and rarely consume as is.
Raw fluid milk is a raw material with a long list of applications. The raw milk purchaser is simply acquiring that milk at the direct endpoint of production, for drinking or use in any of these applications.
Political agendas
Food items don’t have political philosophies. There are many bipartisan efforts to remove barriers to accessing raw milk. In recent years, Republicans have introduced raw milk policy improvements in Iowa, Georgia, North Dakota, West Virginia, and Louisiana. Democrats have introduced policy improvements in Colorado, Hawaii, Albuquerque, Oregon, and Delaware.
California’s raw milk reform in 2007 permits raw milk cheese, butter, cream, kefir, and more to be sold in grocery stores. In 2023: Iowa, North Dakota, Georgia, and Alaska legalized raw milk sales. West Virginia, Louisiana, Delaware, and the City of Albuquerque, New Mexico, have legalized raw milk in 2024. Colorado, New Jersey, and more are working on it right now.
Onward
Raw milk sales are growing and states are facilitating this growth through the creation of new regulatory frameworks. This movement is not one about “moving backwards” but moving forwards, with standards and technology, to ensure that people can access the safest raw milk without corporate gatekeepers.
