Raw Milk in San Francisco, California

One Supreme Court ruling now shields every federally registered pesticide maker from state-court cancer lawsuits. Glyphosate was just the beginning.

Not all cheese styles present the same microbial environment. Moisture content determines water activity, and water activity determines which organisms can be present and active.

Lactic acid bacteria acidify milk, suppress competing organisms, and build the flavor of aged cheese. Here is how all three mechanisms work and where each has limits.

Not all water in cheese is available to bacteria. Water activity rather than moisture content determines which pathogens can grow and how different cheese styles compare.

The same 60-day aging period that renders one batch of raw milk cheese safe can leave another infectious. For Salmonella, initial bacterial load is the variable that determines the outcome.

Unlike most dairy pathogens, Listeria monocytogenes thrives in the conditions that define aged cheese production. Cold tolerance, salt resistance, and biofilm formation explain why.