Raw Milk Statistics
Raw milk drinkers, sales, legal access and safety in the US and around the world, with the survey or study behind every figure.
Last updated
View caption
Raw milk dairies for 2005 to 2016 are state licensing records compiled by Whitehead and Lake 2018. The dashed line joins 2016 to current state lists, so the years in between are not shown: Texas DSHS (54 current licenses), New York Agriculture and Markets (57 permit holders, list dated 2021), CDFA (12 licensed raw milk brands) and Utah Department of Agriculture and Food (6 inspected dairies). License lists leave out herdshares and many farm-direct sources; directory listings show 205 raw milk farms in these states. All licensed dairy farms counts every farm licensed to sell milk, from USDA NASS; nearly all ship milk to processors for pasteurization.
View data
| Year | Licensed raw milk dairies | All licensed dairy farms |
|---|---|---|
| 2005 | 36 | 9,525 |
| 2006 | 29 | 9,000 |
| 2007 | 44 | 8,760 |
| 2008 | 58 | 8,455 |
| 2009 | 77 | 8,190 |
| 2010 | 70 | 7,920 |
| 2011 | 85 | 7,755 |
| 2012 | 87 | 7,530 |
| 2013 | 97 | 7,255 |
| 2014 | 107 | 7,085 |
| 2015 | 97 | 6,880 |
| 2016 | 107 | 6,650 |
| 2019 | n/a | 5,685 |
| 2020 | n/a | 5,375 |
| 2023 | n/a | 4,530 |
| 2024 | n/a | 4,295 |
| 2026 | 129 | n/a |
Key raw milk statistics
- About 4% of US adults, roughly 11 million people, drink raw milk at least once in a given year: 4.4% in FDA surveys from 2016 and 2019 (Lando et al. 2022) and 4% in a 2025 national survey (Annenberg Public Policy Center 2025). More
- In California, New York, Texas and Utah, licensed raw milk dairies grew from 36 in 2005 to 129 on current state agency lists, while all licensed dairy farms in those states, nearly all shipping milk for pasteurization, fell from 9,525 to 4,295 in 2024 (Whitehead and Lake 2018; USDA NASS). More
- Weekly US retail raw milk sales ran 21% to 65% above the same weeks a year earlier in spring 2024, in NielsenIQ store data that does not include farm-direct or herdshare sales (Associated Press 2024). More
- At least 10 US states opened or widened legal raw milk sales from 2023 to 2026: Georgia, Iowa and Alaska in 2023, West Virginia, Delaware and Louisiana in 2024, Arkansas and North Dakota in 2025, and Utah and Oklahoma in 2026. More
- In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, the share of adults who drink raw milk rose from 3% in 2012 to 10% in 2018, and UK raw drinking milk production rose from 610,000 liters to 3.2 million liters between 2012 and 2017 (PeerJ review 2022); 158 premises were registered to sell raw drinking milk as of October 2026 (Food Standards Agency register). More
- National surveys in high-income countries find that roughly 4% to 19% of people drink raw milk, depending on the country and how the question is asked. More
- Raw milk outbreak illness in the US runs about 1 in 13,000 to 1 in 15,000 consumers per year, based on an estimated 730 outbreak illnesses a year (Costard et al. 2017) and 9.6 million to 11 million raw milk drinkers (Lando et al. 2022). More
How many people drink raw milk in the US? #
About 4% of US adults, roughly 11 million people, drink raw milk at least once in a given year: 4.4% in FDA surveys from 2016 and 2019 (Lando et al. 2022) and 4% in a 2025 national survey (Annenberg Public Policy Center 2025). #
About 1.6% of US adults, roughly 4.3 million people, drink raw milk at least once a month (Lando et al. 2022, applied to the Census Bureau Vintage 2025 adult population of 269.8 million). #
About 1.0% of US adults, roughly 2.7 million people, drink raw milk at least once a week, and about 1 million drank it daily in 2016 to 2019 (Lando et al. 2022). #
About 2% of US at-home meal preparers, roughly 3.2 million people, consumed or served raw milk in a typical week in 2014 to 2016, according to a USDA Economic Research Service analysis of the American Time Use Survey (Rhodes and Kuchler). #
The often-quoted figure of "less than 1 percent" of Americans, which appears on an FDA consumer page, roughly matches the share who drink raw milk weekly (1.0%); the share who drink it in a given year is 4.4% (Lando et al. 2022). #
| Survey | Years | Who was asked | Time window | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CDC FoodNet Population Survey | 1996 to 1997 | 7,493 adults in 5 states | 5 days before interview | 1.5% |
| CDC FoodNet Population Survey | 2006 to 2007 | 17,372 people of all ages in 10 states | Past 7 days | 3.0% |
| American Time Use Survey (USDA ERS analysis) | 2014 to 2016 | 23,031 at-home meal preparers, nationwide | Typical week | 2%, about 3.2 million people |
| FDA Food Safety Survey and Food Safety and Nutrition Survey | 2016 and 2019 | 6,747 adults, nationwide | Past 12 months | 4.4%, about 10.7 million adults |
| CDC FoodNet Population Survey | 2018 to 2019 | All ages, 10 FoodNet sites | Past 7 days | About 2% |
| Annenberg Public Policy Center survey | 2025 | 1,716 adults, nationwide | Past 12 months | 4%, plus 2% not sure |
About these numbers
Past-year surveys (FDA, Annenberg) count anyone who had raw milk once, so they land near 4%. Past-week surveys (FoodNet) count mostly regular drinkers and land between 1.5% and 3%.
FDA and Annenberg count adults only; the 2006 to 2007 and 2018 to 2019 FoodNet surveys include children. The FDA, Annenberg and time use surveys are nationally representative; FoodNet covers surveillance sites.
Current totals apply each survey rate to the Census Bureau Vintage 2025 estimate of 269.8 million US adults. All figures are self-reported.
Full analysis: How Many People Drink Raw Milk in the US?
Raw milk sales and legal access #
Licensed raw milk dairies in nine US states grew from 76 in 2005 to 347 in 2016, a 357% increase, in state licensing records covering 40.7% of the US population (Whitehead and Lake 2018). #
In California, New York, Texas and Utah, licensed raw milk dairies grew from 36 in 2005 to 129 on current state agency lists, while all licensed dairy farms in those states, nearly all shipping milk for pasteurization, fell from 9,525 to 4,295 in 2024 (Whitehead and Lake 2018; USDA NASS). #
Directory listings show 205 raw milk farms in California, New York, Texas and Utah as of October 2026, more than the 129 on state license lists, partly because listings include herdshares and other farm-direct sources that license lists do not cover (directory listings). #
US jurisdictions with legal access to raw milk through retail, farm-gate, herdshare or pet food sales grew from 32 of 51 in 2004 to 43 in 2017, and no state restricted access during that period (Whitehead and Lake 2018). #
Weekly US retail raw milk sales ran 21% to 65% above the same weeks a year earlier in spring 2024, in NielsenIQ store data that does not include farm-direct or herdshare sales (Associated Press 2024). #
At least 10 US states opened or widened legal raw milk sales from 2023 to 2026: Georgia, Iowa and Alaska in 2023, West Virginia, Delaware and Louisiana in 2024, Arkansas and North Dakota in 2025, and Utah and Oklahoma in 2026. #
The share of US adults who drink raw milk in a given year has held near 4% across surveys from 2016 to 2025 (Lando et al. 2022; Annenberg Public Policy Center 2025). #
View caption
Legal access means retail, farm-gate, herdshare or licensed pet food sales; the 51 jurisdictions are the 50 states plus DC. Source: Whitehead and Lake 2018.
View data
| Year | Of 51 jurisdictions |
|---|---|
| 2004 | 32 |
| 2005 | 34 |
| 2006 | 35 |
| 2007 | 35 |
| 2008 | 35 |
| 2009 | 36 |
| 2010 | 36 |
| 2011 | 37 |
| 2012 | 38 |
| 2013 | 40 |
| 2014 | 40 |
| 2015 | 40 |
| 2016 | 42 |
| 2017 | 43 |
| State | Year |
|---|---|
| Georgia | 2023 |
| Iowa | 2023 |
| Alaska | 2023 |
| West Virginia | 2024 |
| Delaware | 2024 |
| Louisiana | 2024 |
| Arkansas | 2025 |
| North Dakota | 2025 |
| Utah | 2026 |
| Oklahoma | 2026 |
About these numbers
Past-year surveys change slowly because they count occasional drinkers. Growth among weekly and daily drinkers can lift sales sharply without moving a past-year number much.
Full analysis: How Many People Drink Raw Milk in the US?
See also: Raw milk laws by state and country, California raw milk laws, New York raw milk laws, Texas raw milk laws, Utah raw milk laws
Raw milk around the world #
National surveys in high-income countries find that roughly 4% to 19% of people drink raw milk, depending on the country and how the question is asked. #
In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, the share of adults who drink raw milk rose from 3% in 2012 to 10% in 2018, and UK raw drinking milk production rose from 610,000 liters to 3.2 million liters between 2012 and 2017 (PeerJ review 2022); 158 premises were registered to sell raw drinking milk as of October 2026 (Food Standards Agency register). #
In Germany, 19% of people aged 16 and over drink raw milk at least monthly and 9% daily or several times a week, in an online survey of 1,004 people in 2022 (BfR Consumer Monitor 2023). #
In an online survey of 1,059 adults in France, Germany, Italy, Poland and Sweden in 2022, 37% said they drink raw milk, and 40% of those drink it at least weekly (Belluco et al. 2025). #
In Canada, 4.4% of people of all ages drank unpasteurized milk in the past 7 days in 2023 to 2024, in a national survey of 21,744 people (Foodbook 2.0); the first Foodbook survey found 2.8% in 2014 to 2015. #
In New Zealand, 5% of 1,010 adults said they currently drank raw milk in 2014, up from nearly 1% in 2009, with sales of about 20,000 liters a week (Ministry for Primary Industries 2015). #
About 400 farm-run raw milk vending machines operate across Switzerland (SWI swissinfo.ch 2024). #
On dairy farms, drinking raw milk is widespread: 88.7% of Canadian dairy producers said they or their families drink milk from their own bulk tanks (Young et al. 2010), and 45.0% of farm children in rural Germany, Austria and Switzerland drank only farm milk, compared with 2.4% of non-farm children (GABRIELA study). #
More than 80% of milk marketed in developing countries is handled by informal traders (Food and Agriculture Organization), including about 98% in Pakistan and Tanzania and 76% in India (2008 FAO dairy workshop) and about 80% in Kenya, where consumers interviewed in Nairobi preferred raw milk for its freshness, taste and price (Blackmore et al. 2022). #
In the Somali Region of Ethiopia, 80% of 304 adults surveyed drank fresh goat or sheep milk, 71% fresh camel milk and 44% fresh cow milk (Roess et al. 2022). #
| Country | Survey | Year | Who and when | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | FDA surveys | 2016 and 2019 | Adults, past 12 months | 4.4%, about 1.0% weekly |
| Canada | Foodbook 2.0 | 2023 to 2024 | All ages, past 7 days | 4.4% |
| New Zealand | Ministry for Primary Industries | 2014 | Adults, currently drinking | 5% |
| England, Wales and Northern Ireland | Food Standards Agency | 2018 | Adults, current drinkers | 10% |
| Germany | BfR Consumer Monitor | 2022 | Age 16 and over, at least monthly | 19% |
| France, Germany, Italy, Poland and Sweden | Belluco et al. | 2022 | Adults, any consumption | 37% |
| Ethiopia (Somali Region) | Roess et al. | 2022 | Adults | 71% drink fresh camel milk |
About these numbers
The US, Canadian and New Zealand figures come from probability samples (phone or address based). The UK, German and five-country figures come from online panels of volunteers, which tend to produce higher results.
Time windows differ: Canada asks about the past 7 days, the US about the past 12 months, Germany about usual frequency, and the UK and New Zealand about current drinking. No single worldwide count exists, and combining these surveys would mix different questions.
Informal market shares describe how milk is sold, not how it is prepared at home. For scale, the world produced 930 million tonnes of milk in 2022 (FAO production data).
Full analysis: How Many People Drink Raw Milk Worldwide?
See also: raw milk vending machines in Switzerland and Austria, raw milk in France, raw milk vending machines in Italy, raw milk in Norway
Who drinks raw milk? #
US adults aged 18 to 35 make up 47% of raw milk drinkers and have 3.7 times the odds of drinking raw milk as adults 66 and older (Lando et al. 2022). #
Rural residents make up 25% of US raw milk drinkers and have 1.7 times the odds of drinking it (Lando et al. 2022); in 1996 to 1997, 8.6% of people living on farms drank raw milk, compared with 1.1% in cities (Shiferaw et al. 2000). #
US adults in states that allow retail raw milk sales have twice the odds of drinking raw milk, and 87% of raw milk drinkers live in a state with some legal form of sale (Lando et al. 2022). #
Adults in the US Northeast have about twice the odds of drinking raw milk as adults in the South, while education, gender and race or ethnicity show no significant difference (Lando et al. 2022). #
About these numbers
Odds ratios come from a model that adjusts each characteristic for the others. They describe who is more likely to drink raw milk, not why.
Full analysis: How Many People Drink Raw Milk in the US?
How often do people drink raw milk? #
About 1 in 4 US raw milk drinkers (23.2%) drink it at least once a week, and about 1 in 10 (9.5%) drink it daily (Lando et al. 2022). #
| How often | Share of raw milk drinkers | US adults (2016 to 2019) |
|---|---|---|
| Less than once a year | 23.1% | about 2.4 million |
| A few times a year | 36.5% | about 4.0 million |
| Once a month | 5.3% | about 570,000 |
| A few times a month | 8.1% | about 840,000 |
| Once a week | 4.9% | about 500,000 |
| Two to three times a week | 8.8% | about 990,000 |
| Daily | 9.5% | about 1.0 million |
About these numbers
The FDA surveys counted 227 raw milk drinkers among 6,747 respondents, so each frequency row has a wide margin of error. No national survey published since 2019 reports how often Americans drink raw milk.
Full analysis: How Many People Drink Raw Milk in the US?
Raw milk consumption by state #
In Vermont, 11.6% of adults bought or otherwise obtained raw milk in the past year, in a 2013 statewide telephone survey of 776 adults (Leamy et al. 2014). #
In California, 3.2% of adults drank raw milk in the past year in 1994 (Headrick et al. 1997), and CDC put background raw milk consumption in California at 1.9% using 2018 to 2019 survey data (CDC MMWR 2025). #
Across 10 CDC surveillance states in 2006 to 2007, past-week raw milk consumption ranged from 2.3% in Minnesota to 3.8% in Georgia (FoodNet Population Survey Atlas). #
Full analysis: How Many People Drink Raw Milk in the US?
See also: Raw milk laws by state and country
Raw milk safety statistics #
Raw milk outbreak illness in the US runs about 1 in 13,000 to 1 in 15,000 consumers per year, based on an estimated 730 outbreak illnesses a year (Costard et al. 2017) and 9.6 million to 11 million raw milk drinkers (Lando et al. 2022). #
Raw dairy outbreaks account for about 21 hospitalizations a year in the US, roughly 1 in 450,000 to 1 in 520,000 raw milk consumers per year (Costard et al. 2017). #
Confirmed US raw milk outbreak illnesses averaged about 106 a year from 2005 to 2020, with 170 hospitalizations and two deaths over the 16 years (Stephenson et al. 2024). #
Confirmed US raw milk outbreak illnesses have held steady at about 106 to 112 a year across studies covering 2005 to 2020 (Stephenson et al. 2024; Costard et al. 2017; Koski et al. 2022), while legal access and licensed raw milk dairies grew. #
Using licensed raw milk dairies as a measure of consumption, the US raw milk outbreak rate fell 74% from 2005 to 2016, as licensed dairies in nine states grew from 76 to 347 (Whitehead and Lake 2018). #
| Period | Confirmed outbreak illnesses | Average per year | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2005 to 2020 | 1,696 | about 106 | Stephenson et al. 2024 |
| 2009 to 2014 (milk and cheese) | 648 | about 108 | Costard et al. 2017 |
| 2013 to 2018 | 675 | about 112 | Koski et al. 2022 |
About these numbers
The 730 figure is a modeled estimate adjusted for undiagnosed and unreported illness. Confirmed counts include only cases tied to an investigated outbreak and are counted the same way each period, which makes them useful for spotting trends.
Both measures cover outbreak-related illness only. Per-consumer rates combine figures from different studies and years, so they are approximations and population averages across every kind of farm.
Full analysis: Raw Milk Illness Rate Per Consumer: Updated Data from 2022
See also: Raw Milk Legalization and Foodborne Illness, Is Raw Milk Safe? What the Research Shows, raw milk illness rate per serving and per consumer, what the "840 times" raw milk figure measures
Frequently asked questions
How many people drink raw milk in the US?
About 4% of US adults, roughly 11 million people, drink raw milk at least once in a given year: 4.4% in FDA surveys from 2016 and 2019 (Lando et al. 2022) and 4% in a 2025 national survey (Annenberg Public Policy Center 2025). About 1.0% of US adults, roughly 2.7 million people, drink raw milk at least once a week, and about 1 million drank it daily in 2016 to 2019 (Lando et al. 2022).
What percentage of Americans drink raw milk?
About 4% of US adults, roughly 11 million people, drink raw milk at least once in a given year: 4.4% in FDA surveys from 2016 and 2019 (Lando et al. 2022) and 4% in a 2025 national survey (Annenberg Public Policy Center 2025). The often-quoted figure of "less than 1 percent" of Americans, which appears on an FDA consumer page, roughly matches the share who drink raw milk weekly (1.0%); the share who drink it in a given year is 4.4% (Lando et al. 2022).
Is raw milk consumption increasing?
Weekly US retail raw milk sales ran 21% to 65% above the same weeks a year earlier in spring 2024, in NielsenIQ store data that does not include farm-direct or herdshare sales (Associated Press 2024). In California, New York, Texas and Utah, licensed raw milk dairies grew from 36 in 2005 to 129 on current state agency lists, while all licensed dairy farms in those states, nearly all shipping milk for pasteurization, fell from 9,525 to 4,295 in 2024 (Whitehead and Lake 2018; USDA NASS).
How many states allow raw milk?
US jurisdictions with legal access to raw milk through retail, farm-gate, herdshare or pet food sales grew from 32 of 51 in 2004 to 43 in 2017, and no state restricted access during that period (Whitehead and Lake 2018). At least 10 US states opened or widened legal raw milk sales from 2023 to 2026: Georgia, Iowa and Alaska in 2023, West Virginia, Delaware and Louisiana in 2024, Arkansas and North Dakota in 2025, and Utah and Oklahoma in 2026.
How many people drink raw milk worldwide?
National surveys in high-income countries find that roughly 4% to 19% of people drink raw milk, depending on the country and how the question is asked. In Germany, 19% of people aged 16 and over drink raw milk at least monthly and 9% daily or several times a week, in an online survey of 1,004 people in 2022 (BfR Consumer Monitor 2023).
Who drinks raw milk?
US adults aged 18 to 35 make up 47% of raw milk drinkers and have 3.7 times the odds of drinking raw milk as adults 66 and older (Lando et al. 2022). Rural residents make up 25% of US raw milk drinkers and have 1.7 times the odds of drinking it (Lando et al. 2022); in 1996 to 1997, 8.6% of people living on farms drank raw milk, compared with 1.1% in cities (Shiferaw et al. 2000).
How often do people get sick from raw milk?
Raw milk outbreak illness in the US runs about 1 in 13,000 to 1 in 15,000 consumers per year, based on an estimated 730 outbreak illnesses a year (Costard et al. 2017) and 9.6 million to 11 million raw milk drinkers (Lando et al. 2022). Confirmed US raw milk outbreak illnesses averaged about 106 a year from 2005 to 2020, with 170 hospitalizations and two deaths over the 16 years (Stephenson et al. 2024).
Are raw milk illnesses increasing?
Confirmed US raw milk outbreak illnesses have held steady at about 106 to 112 a year across studies covering 2005 to 2020 (Stephenson et al. 2024; Costard et al. 2017; Koski et al. 2022), while legal access and licensed raw milk dairies grew. Using licensed raw milk dairies as a measure of consumption, the US raw milk outbreak rate fell 74% from 2005 to 2016, as licensed dairies in nine states grew from 76 to 347 (Whitehead and Lake 2018).
Methodology and definitions
- Past year vs past week
- A past-year question counts anyone who had raw milk once; a past-week question counts mostly regular drinkers. Past-year figures run about twice as high.
- Adults vs all ages
- FDA and Annenberg surveyed adults only. FoodNet and Foodbook include children, with parents answering for young children.
- Probability sample vs online panel
- Probability samples (random phone or address selection, weighted to the population) are the more reliable measure. Online panels of volunteers tend to produce higher results.
- Modeled vs confirmed illness
- Modeled estimates such as 730 a year adjust for illnesses that are never diagnosed or reported. Confirmed counts include only cases tied to an investigated outbreak.
- Current totals
- Population totals apply each survey rate to the Census Bureau Vintage 2025 estimate of 269.8 million US adults, unless a year is given.
These are population-level statistics drawn from published surveys and studies. They are not health advice and do not describe the risk from any particular farm or product.
How to cite this page
GetRawMilk.com. (2026, October 7). Raw Milk Statistics. https://getrawmilk.com/statistics
To cite a single figure, link to it directly with the # beside it.
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